In the present study, the effects of geometrical properties of gas flow channels on both current density and temperature distributions inside a polymer Electrolyte membrane (PEM) fuel cell are investigated. The main purpose here is to clarify the effects of the variation of width, depth, and the ribs of flow channels on the fuel cell performance. To do this, the fuel cell is numerically simulated in two dimensions. The governing equations consist of the conservation of the electrical potential, Darcy’s law as alternative to the momentum equation, Maxwell-Stefan equation for mass transport, energy conservation, and electro-thermal equations along with the Butler–Volmer equation. Numerical results indicate that the width of channels and their ribs have more sensible effects than the depth of flow channels on the current density and temperature distributions and fuel cell performance. While the maximum temperature of the cell is increased by increasing the width of the flow channels, the current density distribution and fuel cell performance can be improved. By decreasing the width of their ribs or depth of channels, the performance of the fuel cell is improved and its maximum temperature is decreased.

Background: Prostate cancer is one of the most common cancers in men, with radiotherapy being a key treatment modality. However, radiotherapy often leads to hematological and Electrolyte imbalances, adversely impacting patient outcomes. This study aims to assess the impact of radiotherapy on Electrolyte levels (sodium, potassium, calcium, magnesium, phosphate, and chloride) and hematological parameters (leukocyte, erythrocyte, hemoglobin, hematocrit, and platelets) in prostate cancer patients. The study also compares these effects between curative and palliative treatment groups. Methods: Twenty prostate cancer patients were included in the study, divided into curative (n=10) and palliative (n=10) groups. Blood samples were collected before and after radiotherapy, they were analyzed using the Swelab Alpha analyzer, while Electrolyte levels were measured with Jokoh Ex-DS and Roche Integra 400 Plus analyzers. Patients received 3DCRT and VMAT.  Results: Significant differences were observed in calcium (p = 0.018) and phosphate (p = 0.005) levels, with higher values in the curative group. Other Electrolytes (magnesium, sodium, potassium, and chloride) showed no significant changes. Hematological analysis revealed a significant decrease in white blood cells and hemoglobin in the curative group, indicating bone marrow suppression. In contrast, the palliative group demonstrated stable white blood cell levels and increased platelet counts post-treatment. Conclusion: Radiotherapy affects biochemical and hematological parameters differently in curative and palliative settings. Personalized monitoring of these parameters is essential to mitigate complications and improve patient outcomes.

In this work, an Electrolyte-UNIQUAC model was developed by replacement of Boltzmann weight binary interaction parameters by the nonextensive Tsallis weight. A summation of the long-range electrostatic term (Debye-Huckel equation) and a short-range interaction term were considered in the calculation of thermodynamic properties. A framework proposed by Chen et al. was employed for the derivation of the local mole fractions. Application of the nonextensive theory increased the degree of freedom of the present model (T-E-UNIQUAC). Furthermore, the strength of the model lies in its ability to calculate individual activity coefficients of ions. The applicability of the T-EUNIQUAC model were tested using aqueous Electrolyte solutions, and subsequently, results were compared with Messnaoui, Chen and Pitzer models.